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기본 개념BASIC CONCEPT
⭐ TODAY'S KEY GRAMMAR
Past Perfect Simple
과거의 두 사건 중 먼저 일어난 일을 표현 — had + 과거분사

Past Perfect → 과거의 두 사건 중 먼저 일어난 일을 표현합니다. 주로 과거시제와 함께 사용되어 사건 순서를 명확히 합니다.

핵심: had + 과거분사 (p.p) — had gone / had seen / had finished

  • I had finished dinner before he arrived.그가 도착하기 전에 저녁을 다 먹었다.
  • She had studied English before moving to Canada.캐나다로 이사하기 전에 영어를 공부했었다.
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문법 규칙GRAMMAR RULES
긍정문 · POSITIVE
had + 과거분사
I had finished dinner.
부정문 · NEGATIVE
had not (hadn't) + p.p.
I hadn't finished yet.
BEFORE / AFTER
before he arrived
after I had finished
WHEN / BY THE TIME
when I called
by the time he came
  • had + p.p → had gone / had seen / had finished
  • 주로 과거시제와 함께 사용됨 → 과거 사건 + 과거완료 사건
  • before / after / when / by the time 등의 시간 표현과 자주 사용
  • 과거완료는 배경 설명, 이유, 순서를 명확히 할 때 유용
  • 과거완료는 단독 사용 가능하지만, 대부분 비교 시점이 함께 나옴
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긍정문 예시POSITIVE EXAMPLES
  • I had finished dinner before he arrived.그가 도착하기 전에 저녁을 다 먹었다.
  • She had left when I called her.내가 전화했을 때 그녀는 이미 떠났었다.
  • We had already seen the movie before they watched it.그들이 보기 전에 우리는 이미 그 영화를 봤었다.
  • He had gone home by the time I got there.내가 도착했을 때 그는 이미 집에 갔었다.
  • They had studied English before moving to Canada.캐나다로 이사하기 전에 영어를 공부했었다.
  • I had packed my bag before the taxi came.택시가 오기 전에 짐을 다 쌌었다.
  • She had cooked dinner before the guests arrived.손님들이 오기 전에 저녁을 요리했었다.
  • We had cleaned the room before the teacher came in.선생님이 들어오기 전에 교실을 청소했었다.
  • He had written the email before the meeting started.회의 시작 전에 이메일을 썼었다.
  • I had never tried sushi before I visited Japan.일본에 가기 전에 초밥을 먹어본 적이 없었다.
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의문문 예시QUESTION EXAMPLES
  • Had you finished your homework before dinner?저녁 전에 숙제를 끝냈었니?
  • Had she left when you arrived?네가 도착했을 때 그녀는 이미 떠났었니?
  • Had they seen the movie before you?너보다 먼저 그 영화를 봤었니?
  • Had he gone home before 6?6시 전에 집에 갔었니?
  • Had you packed before the taxi came?택시 오기 전에 짐을 쌌었니?
  • Had she cooked before the guests arrived?손님들이 오기 전에 요리했었니?
  • Had you ever tried sushi before Japan?일본 가기 전에 초밥을 먹어봤었니?
  • Had they studied English before moving?이사하기 전에 영어를 공부했었니?
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상황별 대화 흐름SITUATIONAL DIALOGUES
🏫 학교 상황 · SCHOOL
A: Had you finished your homework before class?
B: Yes, I had finished it the night before.
A: Perfect. Let's start.
B: Ready!
🏠 가족 상황 · FAMILY
A: Did you clean your room?
B: Yes, I had cleaned it before Mom came home.
A: Good timing.
B: I didn't want her to be upset.
🏥 병원 상황 · HOSPITAL
A: Had you taken the medicine before breakfast?
B: Yes, I had taken it at 7.
A: That's correct.
B: I feel better now.
💼 직장 상황 · OFFICE
A: Had you sent the report before the meeting?
B: Yes, I had sent it the day before.
A: Great. Everyone had read it.
✈️ 여행 상황 · TRAVEL
A: Had you ever flown before that trip?
B: No, I had never flown. It was my first time.
A: Were you nervous?
B: A little!
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문장 결합 연습SENTENCE COMBINING
I finished dinner. Then he arrived.
→ He arrived after I had finished dinner.
She left. I called her.
→ I called her after she had left.
We saw the movie. They watched it later.
→ They watched it after we had seen it.
He went home. I got there later.
→ He had gone home by the time I got there.
They studied English. Then they moved.
→ They had studied English before they moved.
I packed my bag. Then the taxi came.
→ I had packed my bag before the taxi came.
She cooked dinner. Then guests arrived.
→ She had cooked dinner before the guests arrived.
He wrote the email. Then the meeting started.
→ He had written the email before the meeting started.
I never tried sushi. Then I visited Japan.
→ I had never tried sushi before I visited Japan.
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실생활 사용 예시REAL-LIFE USAGE
  • I had sent the report before the meeting started.📧 이메일 — 회의 전에 보고서를 보냈었다.
  • I had worked in Seoul before I moved to Busan.💼 자기소개 — 부산으로 이사하기 전에 서울에서 일했었다.
  • We had discussed the issue before the manager arrived.📋 업무 회의 — 매니저가 오기 전에 이슈를 논의했었다.
  • I had never flown before that trip.✈️ 여행 — 그 여행 전에 비행기를 타본 적이 없었다.
  • I had taken the medicine before breakfast.🏥 건강 — 아침 식사 전에 약을 먹었었다.
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자주 쓰이는 패턴COMMON PATTERNS
BEFORE 패턴 · BEFORE PATTERN
주어 + had + p.p. + before + 과거시제
I had packed before the taxi came.
AFTER 패턴 · AFTER PATTERN
과거시제 + after + 주어 + had + p.p.
He arrived after I had finished dinner.
BY THE TIME 패턴 · BY THE TIME
By the time + 과거시제, 주어 + had + p.p.
By the time I arrived, he had gone home.
WHEN 패턴 · WHEN PATTERN
When + 과거시제, 주어 + had already + p.p.
When I called, she had already left.
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흔한 실수COMMON MISTAKES
✗ I finished dinner before he arrived. (순서 불명확)
✓ I had finished dinner before he arrived.
먼저 일어난 일에 과거완료를 써야 순서가 명확
✗ She had left when I had called her.
✓ She had left when I called her.
두 동사 모두 과거완료 사용 불가 — 나중 사건은 과거시제
✗ I had went home before 6.
✓ I had gone home before 6.
had 뒤에는 과거분사(gone) 사용, 과거형(went) 아님
✗ By the time he came, I finish my work.
✓ By the time he came, I had finished my work.
먼저 완료된 일에는 had + p.p. 필수
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레벨업 팁LEVEL-UP TIPS
TIP 1 · 타임라인 그리기
두 사건을 시간순으로 나열하고, 먼저 일어난 것에 과거완료를 쓰세요. 먼저(had + p.p.) → 나중(과거시제)
TIP 2 · 시간 접속사 활용
before, after, when, by the time과 함께 과거완료를 사용하면 문장이 자연스러워집니다.
TIP 3 · 과거분사 정확히
had 뒤에는 반드시 과거분사! went(X) → gone(O), saw(X) → seen(O)
TIP 4 · 이유/배경 설명에 활용
"왜 그랬는지" 설명할 때 과거완료가 유용합니다. I was tired because I had worked all day.
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연습문제PRACTICE EXERCISES

빈칸에 알맞은 형태를 넣으세요.

  • I ___ (finish) dinner before he arrived. (had finished)
  • She ___ (leave) when I called. (had left)
  • ___ you ___ (pack) before the taxi came? (Had ... packed)
  • He ___ (go) home by the time I got there. (had gone)
  • We ___ already ___ (see) the movie. (had ... seen)
  • They ___ (study) English before moving. (had studied)
  • I ___ never ___ (try) sushi before Japan. (had ... tried)
  • She ___ (cook) dinner before the guests arrived. (had cooked)
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자가진단 체크리스트SELF-CHECK
  • had + 과거분사 구조를 안다.
  • 과거완료와 과거시제의 차이를 설명할 수 있다.
  • before/after/when/by the time과 함께 사용할 수 있다.
  • 두 과거 사건의 순서를 과거완료로 표현할 수 있다.
  • 과거분사와 과거형을 구분할 수 있다.
  • 흔한 실수 4가지를 이해했다.