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기본 개념BASIC CONCEPT
⭐ TODAY'S KEY GRAMMAR
Linking Words
문장과 문장을 연결해 의미를 확장하는 표현

however → 대조 (그러나, 반면에)

therefore → 결과 (그러므로, 그래서)

although → 양보 (비록 ~이지만)

  • It was raining. However, we went out.비가 왔다. 그러나 우리는 나갔다.
  • He studied hard. Therefore, he passed.그는 열심히 공부했다. 그래서 합격했다.
  • Although it was raining, we went out.비록 비가 왔지만, 우리는 나갔다.
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문법 규칙GRAMMAR RULES
대조 · CONTRAST
However, + 문장
It was cold. However, we went.
결과 · RESULT
Therefore, + 문장
He studied. Therefore, he passed.
양보(앞) · CONCESSION
Although + 절, 주절
Although it rained, we stayed.
양보(뒤) · CONCESSION
주절 + although + 절
We stayed although it was late.
  • however: 문장 앞에서 쉼표 필요 — However, we continued.
  • therefore: 문장 앞에서 쉼표 필요 — Therefore, we succeeded.
  • although: 문장 앞 → 쉼표 중간 / 문장 뒤 → 쉼표 없음
  • 주의: however/therefore는 두 문장 사이에 마침표 필요
  • 주의: although는 절 중간에 마침표 사용 불가
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긍정문 예시POSITIVE EXAMPLES
  • It was cold. However, we went hiking.추웠다. 그러나 등산을 갔다.
  • She is shy. However, she spoke clearly.그녀는 수줍음이 많다. 그러나 명확하게 말했다.
  • He studied hard. Therefore, he passed the test.열심히 공부했다. 그래서 시험에 합격했다.
  • She practiced daily. Therefore, she improved.매일 연습했다. 그래서 실력이 늘었다.
  • Although it was raining, we went out.비가 왔지만 우리는 나갔다.
  • Although he was tired, he kept working.피곤했지만 계속 일했다.
  • We were tired. However, we finished the task.피곤했다. 그러나 과제를 끝냈다.
  • We arrived early. Therefore, we got good seats.일찍 도착했다. 그래서 좋은 자리를 잡았다.
  • Although the movie was long, it was interesting.영화가 길었지만 재미있었다.
  • The roads were icy. Therefore, we drove slowly.길이 얼어 있었다. 그래서 천천히 운전했다.
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의문문 예시QUESTION EXAMPLES
  • Why did you go out although it was raining?비가 오는데 왜 나갔니?
  • Did you finish the task although you were tired?피곤했는데 과제를 끝냈니?
  • Did she speak although she was shy?수줍음이 많았는데 말을 했니?
  • Did you buy it although it was expensive?비쌌는데도 샀니?
  • Did you stay although it was late?늦었는데도 머물렀니?
  • Was the test hard? However, did you pass?시험이 어려웠니? 그래도 합격했니?
  • Did they win? Therefore, how did they celebrate?이겼니? 그래서 어떻게 축하했니?
  • Did you succeed? Therefore, what's next?성공했니? 그러면 다음은 뭐니?
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상황별 대화 흐름SITUATIONAL DIALOGUES
🏫 학교 상황 · SCHOOL
A: The test was hard.
B: However, I tried my best.
A: Therefore, you should be proud.
📧 이메일 상황 · EMAIL
A: The project was delayed.
B: However, the team remained focused.
A: Therefore, we met the final deadline.
✈️ 여행 상황 · TRAVEL
A: It rained every day.
B: However, we explored the city.
A: Although the weather was bad, the food was amazing.
💼 직장 상황 · OFFICE
A: We lacked resources.
B: However, we used creative solutions.
A: Therefore, the client was satisfied.
🏥 건강 상황 · HEALTH
A: The patient was weak.
B: However, he followed instructions.
A: Therefore, he recovered quickly.
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문장 결합 연습SENTENCE COMBINING
It was raining. + We went out.
→ Although it was raining, we went out.
He studied hard. + He passed the test.
→ He studied hard. Therefore, he passed the test.
She was shy. + She spoke clearly.
→ She was shy. However, she spoke clearly.
The weather was bad. + The food was amazing.
→ Although the weather was bad, the food was amazing.
We were tired. + We finished the task.
→ We were tired. However, we finished the task.
It was expensive. + We bought it.
→ It was expensive. However, we bought it.
The roads were icy. + We drove slowly.
→ The roads were icy. Therefore, we drove slowly.
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실생활 사용 예시REAL-LIFE USAGE
  • English was difficult. However, I studied every day.🎓 학습 — 영어가 어려웠다. 그러나 매일 공부했다.
  • Although I made many mistakes, I kept practicing. Therefore, I improved.🎓 학습 — 실수가 많았지만 계속 연습했고, 그래서 실력이 늘었다.
  • I was out of shape. However, I started exercising regularly.🏃 운동 — 몸이 안 좋았다. 그러나 규칙적으로 운동을 시작했다.
  • Although it was hard at first, I didn't give up. Therefore, I'm much healthier now.🏃 운동 — 처음엔 힘들었지만 포기하지 않았고, 그래서 훨씬 건강해졌다.
  • I'm shy. However, I enjoy public speaking.👋 자기소개 — 수줍음이 많지만 대중 앞에서 말하는 걸 좋아한다.
  • The project was delayed. However, the team remained focused. Therefore, we met the deadline.📧 이메일 — 프로젝트가 지연되었지만 팀은 집중력을 유지했고, 마감을 맞췄다.
  • Although the medicine tasted bad, he took it daily. Therefore, he recovered quickly.🏥 건강 — 약 맛이 나빴지만 매일 복용했고, 빠르게 회복했다.
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자주 쓰이는 패턴COMMON PATTERNS
대조 · HOWEVER
문장. However, 문장.
It was difficult. However, we tried.
결과 · THEREFORE
문장. Therefore, 문장.
He studied hard. Therefore, he passed.
양보 (앞) · ALTHOUGH
Although + 절, 주절.
Although it was raining, we went out.
복합 사용 · COMBINED
Although + 절, 문장. However, 문장. Therefore, 문장.
Although it rained, we went out. However, we got wet. Therefore, we went home early.
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흔한 실수COMMON MISTAKES
✗ It was raining, however we went out.
✓ It was raining. However, we went out.
however 앞에는 마침표, 뒤에는 쉼표 필요
✗ He studied hard therefore he passed.
✓ He studied hard. Therefore, he passed.
therefore 앞에는 마침표, 뒤에는 쉼표 필요
✗ Although it was raining. We went out.
✓ Although it was raining, we went out.
although 절은 마침표로 나누면 안 됨 — 쉼표 사용
✗ However we tried our best.
✓ However, we tried our best.
however 뒤에 쉼표 필요
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레벨업 팁LEVEL-UP TIPS
TIP 1 · 기능별 구분
대조 → however, 결과 → therefore, 양보 → although. 세 가지 기능을 먼저 이해하세요.
TIP 2 · 쉼표 위치 주의
however/therefore 뒤에 항상 쉼표! although는 문장 앞에 올 때만 중간에 쉼표.
TIP 3 · 복합 사용 연습
여러 연결어를 조합하면 논리적인 글을 만들 수 있습니다. 이메일이나 보고서에 활용하세요.
TIP 4 · 일기 쓰기
매일 간단한 일기를 쓸 때 연결어를 의식적으로 사용해보세요.
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연습문제PRACTICE EXERCISES

빈칸에 알맞은 연결어를 선택하세요.

  • It was raining. _____, we went out. (However)
  • He studied hard. _____, he passed the test. (Therefore)
  • _____ it was late, we stayed at the party. (Although)
  • She was tired. _____, she finished her work. (However)
  • The weather was bad. _____, the flight was canceled. (Therefore)
  • _____ she was nervous, she performed well. (Although)
  • It was expensive. _____, we bought it. (However)
  • _____ it was cold, we went swimming. (Although)
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자가진단 체크리스트SELF-CHECK
  • 연결어(Linking Words)가 무엇인지 안다.
  • however를 사용해서 대조를 표현할 수 있다.
  • therefore를 사용해서 결과를 표현할 수 있다.
  • although를 사용해서 양보를 표현할 수 있다.
  • 연결어와 함께 쉼표를 올바르게 사용할 수 있다.
  • 실생활 상황에서 연결어를 자연스럽게 사용할 수 있다.
  • 여러 연결어를 조합해서 복합적인 의미를 표현할 수 있다.